



\ 


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'TWENTIETH CENTURA II XI BOOKS 




SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 




DESIGNED TO A( COMPANY 




A HISTORY OF 




MODERN EUROPE 




BY 




MERRICK WHITCOMB 




PROFESSOR OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY ■■> CINCINNATI 




>&fB^ 




NEW YORK AND LONDON 




D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 




1903 



TWENTIETH CENTURY TEXT-BOOKS 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS 

DESIGNED TO ACCOMPANY 

A HISTORY OF 
MODERN EUROPE 



BY 

MERRICK WHITCOMB 

PROFESSOR OF HISTORY, UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI 




NEW YORK AND LONDON 

D APPLETON AND COMPANY 

1903 



,v 



I ' •' OF i 
1 *n Copies Receiver | 

AUG 22 1903 

Copyugnt tntty 

CLA^S &~ XXc. No 

COPY B. 



Copyright, 1903 
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 



PRINTED AT THE APPLETON PRESS 
NEW YORK, V. S. A. 



TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 



A LIST OF TWENTY-FIVE BOOKS SUITABLE 
FOR A SCHOOL LIBEARY 

The following list contains, with some additions, the books cited in 
Whitcomb's History of Modem Europe : 

Adams : European History. Macmillan. $1.40. 
Adams : The Groivth of the French Nation. Macmillan. 

11.25. 
Andrews : Institutes of General History. Silver, Bur- 

dett. 12.00. 

Gardiner, S. R. : A Student's History of England. Long- 
mans. $3.00. 

Gardiner, S. R. : The Thirty Years' War. Longmans. 
$1.00. 

Gardiner, B. M. : The French Revolution. Longmans. 
$1.00. 

Green : A Short History of the English People. Ameri- 
can Book Company. $1.20. 

H ass all : The Balance of Power, 1715-1789. Macmillan. 
$1.75. 

Hassall : The French People. Appleton. $1.50. 

Johnson : Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Macmillan. 
$1.75. 

Judson : Europe in the Nineteenth Century. Scribner. 
$1.25. 

Le Bon : Modern France. Putnam (Story of Nations 
Series). $1.50. 

1 



TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

Lodge: The Close of the Middle Ages. Macmillan. $1.75. 

Myers: Mediaeval and Modern History. Ginn. $1.50. 

Philipps: Modern Europe. Macmillan. *1.75. 

Robinson: History of Western Europe. Ginn. $1.00. 

Rose: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era. Macmil- 
lan. 11.25. 

Schwill: History of Modern Europe. Scribner. $1.50. 

Seebohm: Era of the Protestant Revolution. Longmans. 
11.00. 

Seignobos: Political History of Europe Since 1814. 

iioit. $3.oo. 

Stephens: The Revolution and Europe. Macmillan. 

$1.75. 
Van Dyke: The Age of the Renascence. Scribner. 

$2.00. 
Wakeman: The Ascendency of France. Macmillan. 

$1.75. 
\V ii itcomb : Source- Booh of the Renaissance. Longmans. 

$1.50. 
Wilson : The State. Heath. $2.00. 



INTRODUCTION 

Methods. — For methods of teaching history the follow- 
ing books are useful : Report of the Committee of Seven 
(New York, Macmillan, 1899) ; Report of the Commit- 
tee of Ten (Washington, 1893, and New York, 1894), 
pp. 162-201 ; H. E. Bourne : Teaching of History and 
Civics (New York, 1902) ; B. A. Hinsdale : Hoio to Study 
and Teach History (New York, D. Appleton & Co., 1893) ; 
M. S. Barnes : Studies in Method (Boston, Ginn & Co.). 
In addition, Professor McLaughlin, in the manual to ac- 
company his History of the American Nation, has some 
valuable suggestions. An extensive Bibliography of the 
Study and Teaching of History is published in Report of 
the American Historical Association for 1899. 

Sources. — The material in the " Source Review " is in- 
tended to illustrate and amplify the text of the section to 
which it is attached. In most instances its bearing is 
directly upon the leading thought of that section. To- 
gether with the pictures, it may be used to deepen the 
impression made by a careful study of the text. In some 
cases the archaic form of expression, in other cases the 
dramatic force of the diction, will serve as aid to the 
memory. 

One method of using text and " Source Review " is as 
follows : Let the text of one section serve as material for 
a lesson. At the close of the period the teacher may 
dictate to the class the " Points for Research," to be in- 
vestigated by means of a close study of the " Source 
Review," and to be reported on at the following meeting 

3 



4 TEACHING MODERN B1STORY 

of the class. In this manner an immediate review of the 
chief events narrated in the text will be obtained— a re- 
view the value of which will be greatly increased by the 
fact that it avoids a monotonous repetition of the text, 
and introduces new and vital elements derived from the 
contemporary account. The report on the "Points for 
Research " may be either oral or written, but in any event 
it should form the basis of a class discussion. A part of 
the second lesson period may also be devoted to a discus- 
sion of the " Topics," to an explanation of the pictures, 
and such amplification of the subject as collateral read- 
ings on the part of teacher or pupils may afford. (See 
Historical Sources in the Schools, Report to the N. E. His- 
torical Teachers' Association, by Professors Hazen, Far- 
rand, and Hart. Macmillan, 1902. 60 cents.) 

Maps. — The geographical side of the study of Modern 
History is particularly important. In addition to the maps 
bound in the book, it is desirable that the teacher (and as 
many of the pupils as possible) should have constant access 
to a historical atlas. The following are inexpensive : 

Labbertons Historical Atlas, 3800 B. c-1900 a. d., 16 ed., 1900. 
Silver Burdett & Co. $1.25. (Contains 72 maps.) 

Johnston's Half- Crown Historical Atlas. Sold by Seribner at 
$1.00. An English publication, somewhat overweighted on the Eng- 
lish side for American students. 

I'utzger's Historisclier Schul- Atlas. Velhagen & Biasing, Leipzig, 
Germany. Should be imported for about 75 cents. Good and cheap. 
Intended for German schools, and somewhat too much devoted to 
German history. Names are, of course, in German. 

Atlas of European History. By Prof. Earl W. Dow. Roman 
Empire to end of nineteenth century. (Announced by H. Holt & Co., 
New York.) 

Map-drawing is also a valuable aid to historical study. 
Outline maps (to be rilled in with colors if possible) may 
be obtained at little expense (McKinley Publishing Co., 
Philadelphia; D. C. Heath & Co., Boston; Ginn & Co., 
Boston and Chicago; Rand, McXally & Co., Chicago). 



INTRODUCTION 5 

Almost any size may be had. These outline maps are 
especially useful in geographical tests, which should be 
frequent and brief. 

Pictures. — A more intimate acquaintance with persons, 
places, and great historical events may be obtained through 
the medium of pictures. There are now several series of 
reproductions of great paintings and other works of art 
(together with photographic views throughout the world), 
which are to be had at a slight expense. The " Perry 
Pictures " (Maiden, Mass.) are sold at one cent each ; the 
"Cosmos Pictures" (296 Broadway, N. Y.) at 10 for 25 
cents, or 50 for $1.00. The Soule Photographic Keproduc- 
tions are from $1.50 per dozen up. More beautiful pic- 
tures are the Fotoincisioni Fusetti, made at Milan, Italy. 
A small sum judiciously expended in pictures will afford 
much material for class discussion, and leave many valu- 
able and agreeable recollections. 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

SOURCES 

Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of Euro- 
pean History. Philadelphia, Department of History, University of 
Pennsylvania, 6 vols. $9.00. The most extensive collection of sources 
available in English. Translated and edited for college and school 
use. Single numbers, 16 to 44 pages, from 10 to 25 cents each. Cited 
in Manual as " T. and R." 

Fling : European History Studies, vol. ii. Chicago : Ainsworth. 
50 cents. Short selections from the Sources, edited for school use. 
Cited as " Fling." 

Whitcomb : Source-Booh of the Renaissance. Longmans. $1.50. 

Robinson, J. H. : Readings in European History. Ginn & Co., 
1903. 

SETS 

Story of the Nations Series. Putnams. $1.50 per vol. Several 
of these volumes fall within the period of Modern History, and will be 
cited hereafter as " Nations." 

Heroes of the Nations Series. Putnams. $1.50 per vol. About 
fifteen of these fall within the Modern Period. Cited as " Heroes." 



6 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

Epochs of Modern History. Longmans. $1.00 per vol. Twelve 
volumes arc useful for Modern Bistory, Cited as "Epochs." 

Periods of European History. Macmillan. $1.75 per vol. Vols, 
iii-viii deal with Modern History. Cited as " Periods." 

Great Peoples Series. 1). Appleton & Co. $1.50 per vol. Tins 
scries includes Hume, The Spanish People; Hassall, The French Peo- 
ple; Fitzmaurice-Kellv, The Russian People. 

Epochs of Church History. Longmans. 80 cents per vol. Val- 
uable for our purpose in this series are : Poole, Wycliffe and Move- 
ments for Reform ; Ward, The Counter-Reformation. 

Cambridge Modern History. " Lord Acton Series." This is a 
great historical work in a dozen volumes, covering the whole Modern 
Period. Vol. i, The Renaissance, has appeared. Macmillan. $3.75. 
Pp. 807. Other volumes are to follow. The work, so far, is of first 
quality. 

For those who are able to use French and German two great sets 
are available. 

Lavisse et Rambaud : Histoire Generate, 12 vols. Paris. Colin. 
Vols, iv-xii cover the period 1450-1900. This is a collaborated work, 
with extensive bibliographical notes. The text is superior to anything 
of the kind heretofore produced. 

Oncken, editor: Allgemeine Geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen. 
Berlin, 1880 ff. A series of monographs, many of them very impor- 
tant. (Geiger, L. : Renaissance und Humanismus in Italien und 
Deutschland ; Betzold: Geschichte der deutschen Reformation.) 

HANDBOOKS 

Ploetz : Epitome of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern History. 
Houghton-Mifflin, 1883. $3.00. This German work, translated by 
Tillinghast, is much relied on for dates, and is generally accurate. 

Hassall: European History, 476-1871. Macmillan, 1897. $2.25. 
This is also a book of dates, but arranged synchronously in parallel 
columns. Fairly accurate, but not kept up to date. 

Little: Cyclopedia of Classified Dates. Funk & Wagnalls. 
1900. $10.00. 

Stanford's Compendium of Geography and Travel. This expen- 
sive set will be found very valuable for library use. The last edition 
is up to date, and contains information regarding the topography, 
products, inhabitants, resources, etc., of all countries. Lippincott, 
12 vols., $4.50 each. 

Appletons 1 Annual Cyclopedia, $5.00. A history of the world for 
one year. It has an article on every country of the world, exhibiting 



THE MODERN NATIONS 7 

governmental and industrial conditions. There are special articles 
also on current events, showing geographical changes, scientific 
achievements, etc. Very valuable for reference to contemporary 
history. 

The Statesman's Yearbook, Macmillan, $3.00. Description of gov- 
ernment, dynasties, political divisions, products, and general statistical 
information. 

Periodical literature contains much interesting material relating 
to history, biography, travel, etc. This is rendered available by means 
of Poole's Index (1802-1897, continued to date as the Cumulative 
Index), found in any good library. 

For further bibliographical information, the teacher may consult 
Adams, C. K. : Manual of Historical Literature, Harper, 1889, 
$2.50, in which a number of important historical works are estimated. 



CHAPTER I— THE MODERN NATIONS 

Chapter I is introductory, but important, because it 
outlines the great European nations at the beginning of 
the Modern Period. In Section 1 the pupil should be 
made to observe the process by which modern sovereignty, 
in the territorial sense, gradually emerged from feudal 
conditions ; how one by one the functions which in the 
middle ages were associated with the Church, came 
within the range of the lay power ; and how old Roman 
ideals of centralized government, through the Eoman 
law, powerfully influenced the progress of the new royal 
government. 

§1. PRANCE 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Cambridge Modern History, vol. i. The Renaissance (Chapter 
X contains an excellent account of the rise of the French monarchy) ; 
Kitchm: History of France. 3 vols. Clarendon Press. 1873. 
$2.60 per vol. Volume II. 

TOPICS 
Public Functions of Church in Middle Ages (Munro : History of 
the Middle Ages, chap, iii ; Robinson : History of Western Europe, 
2 



8 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

chap. x\i>: Influence <>f the Roman Law (Enc. Britannica, art. 
•• Roman Law"); Eundred fears' War (Green: Short History of the 
English J'r<>pl<\ ehap. v.; Kohinson: History of Western Europe, 
chap. x.\): Story of Joan ol Arc (.Murray, T. D. : Jeanne a" Arc, 
London, 1902, with many translated documents, is the most complete 

account Cf. Enc. Brit, ami International Enc.; Mrs. Oliphant: 
Jeanne (FArc, " Hemes.") 

Noii:: "Estates General." The three Estates were Clergy, No- 
bility ami Third Estate (or representatives of the towns). They met 
in three chambers, and were assembled at the pleasure of the king for 
consultation and advice. Were never a legislative body. Called 
"General," to distinguish them from the "Estates Provincial," or 
local estates, which several of the provinces retained after their union 
with the French crown. 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : I. Duties of Bailli. What three classes 
was he to watch? Whose interest did he represent ? II. (The Bull 
Unam Sanctam expressed the Roman view of the papal supremacy 
over temporal sovereigns. It was launched against Philip the Fair 
when he presumed to exercise judicial authority over clerical persons. 
For full text see Translations and Reprints, vol. iii, No. 6.) What is 
the view of Pope Boniface as to the relations between the papacy and 
ruling powers ? What are the arguments with which this view is sup- 
ported? (Cf. Barry: The Papal Monarchy, "Nations.") 

§2. GERMANY 
GENERAL REFERENCES 
Cambridge Modern History, vol. i, chap, ix ; Bryce : Holy 
Roman Empire, chaps, xv, xvii. Henderson : A Short History of 
Germany. Macmillan. $4.00. 

TOPICS 
Find in atlas the divisions of Germany noted on pages 8 and 9 ; 
The "Golden Bull" (Bryce: Holy Roman Empire, Hurst, 60 cents, 
chap, xiv; text to be found in Henderson: Select Historical Docu- 
ments) ; Review Origin of Empire of the West (Robinson : History of 
Western Europe, chap, vii) ; Character of Maximilian (Henderson: 
Short History, etc.; Whitcomb: Source-Book of the Renaissance. 
German Ren., pp. 42-47); How Switzerland gained her independence 
(Hug and Stead : Switzerland, " Nations "). 



THE MODERN NATIONS 



SOUKCE REVIEW 
Points for Research: I. Compare structure of German Diet 
with French estates. (The same elements are differently distributed.) 
Locate on map the possessions of the electors. II. How does the view 
of Lewis differ from that expressed in JJnam Sanctam ? (Note : 
This independence of the Papacy was not maintained by the successors 
of Lewis. Later emperors looked to the Pope to confirm the title con- 
ferred by the electors). Show countries brought into the Hapsburg 
family by marriage. Why were these countries rich ? 

PICTURES 

The picture on page 11 is taken from the Weisskunig (White 
King), a book written at the command of Maximilian, relating the 
chief incidents in his life. His education was so complete as to em- 
brace the Black Art, which was taught him with great care. Observe 
the powers of evil at the left ; the powers of good at the right ; the 
books of the stars. 

Note. — The chief thought in this section is that the tendency of 
Germany was toward separatism, while the tendency of France was 
toward centralization and union. It is important to grasp this fact, 
because it is the key to the history of these countries through the Mod- 
ern Period. 

§3. SPAIN AND ENGLAND 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Cambridge Modem History, vol. i, chap, xi ; Hume : The Span- 
ish People; Gardiner: The Houses of Lancaster and York, Epoch 
Series ; Robinson : History of Western Europe, chap, xxiii ; Burke : 
A History of Spain. 2 vols. Longmans. $5.00. 

TOPICS 

Moors in Spain (Lane-Poole : Moors in Spam, " Nations " ; H. E. 
Watts : Christian Recovery of Spain, " Nations ") ; Early Life of 
Chai'les V (Robertson's Charles V. Harper. $2.25). In Britannica 
and International look up Ximenes and Gonsalvo de Cordova. Or- 
ganization of Cortes (Burke : op. cit., chap, xxxii) ; Inquisition 
(Burke : chap. xl). 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : (By " New Spain " is meant Antilles and 
Mexico.) How is the king's portion of imported precious metals de- 



10 TEACHING MODERN BISTOBY 

terminedf la his revenue from this source as great as is generally 

supposed I Why uol I Whence come the greatest contributions to the 

treasury I Locate these portions of the realm of Charles V on map. 



CHAPTER II— THE RENAISSANCE 

£4. THE RENAISSANCE IN ITALY 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Cambridge Modern History, vol. i. The Renaissance, chaps, iv, 

v, vii, xvi ; Symonds, J. A: The Revival of Learning. Holt, 1888. 

$2.00: Burckhardt: The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy. 

Blacmillan, L890. $4.00; Van Dyke: Age of the Renascence. Scrib- 

oer. $2.00; Whitcomb: Source-Book of (lie Renaissance; Villari: 

Life of Machiavelli. Scribner. $2.50. 

TOPICS 

Look up separate histories of Venice, Genoa, Florence, Rome, and 
Naples. (Symonds: Ageof Despots. Holt. $2.00 ; Duffy : Tuscan Re- 
publics, " Nations " ; Wiel : Venice, " Nations " ; articles in Encyclo- 
pedia) ; The Medici (Roscoe : Life of Lorenzo de Medici. Mac- 
millan. $1.00 ; Armstrong : Lorenzo de Medici, " Heroes ") ; Petrarch 
(Robinson and Rolfe : Francesco Petrarca. Putnam. $2.00). The 
most interesting popes of the Renaissance period are Nicholas V and 
Pius II (Aeneas Sylvius). For lives, see Pastor, L. : History of the 
Popes. 6 vols. Herder. $3.00 per vol. ; and Creighton, M. : History of 
the Papacy. Longmans. 6 vols. $2.00 per vol. ; for Pius II, Creigh- 
ton, M. : Historical Essays and Reviews. Longmans, 1902. 

PICTURES AND MAP 

Map : Make a careful study of the location of the principal Italian 
cities. A good exercise is to locate them on outline map. 

Pictures: An opportunity is now afforded to make a brief and 
interesting survey of the great artists of the Renaissance period. A 
catalogue of the Perry Pictures (furnished on application) will enablo 
the teacher to select a series of great masterpieces, paintings, statuary, 
and buildings, from Cimabue to Michael Angelo. A discussion of 
these will fill an enjoyable and valuable class-period. A good guide 
in the selection of pictures is the History of Painting, by John C. 
Van Dyke. Longmans, 1899. 



THE RENAISSANCE 11 



SOURCE EEVIEW 

Points for Research : How did Cosimo beautify Florence ? 
Why was it impossible to get books ? How were the books made ? 
(Note : Pope Nicholas was a book-lover, and had already accumulated 
a library at Rome. Vespasiano was a Florentine bookseller, author 
of a work containing sketches of notable men with whom he had 
come in contact. Look up Trithemius in Encycl.) Why did the 
Duke of Urbino object to printed books ? What was the objection of 
Trithemius ? 

§5. THE RENAISSANCE NORTH OF THE ALPS 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Van Dyke : Age of the Renascence ; Whitcomb : Source-Booh of 
the Renaissance ; Cambridge Modern History, vol. i, chap, ix, et seq. 
(for those who read German, Geiger, L. : Renaissance und Humanis- 
mus in Italien und Deutschland, " Oncken ") ; Janssen : History of 
the German People. 4 vols. Herder. $12.50. Vol. I. 

TOPICS 

Schools and universities in Germany in fifteenth century. (Whit- 
comb : Source-Book, etc., arts. Butzbach, Platter, Letters of Obscure 
Men ; Janssen : op. cit., vol. i ; Robinson : Hist, of Western Europe, 
chap, xxiv ; Camb. Mod. Hist., pp. 569-584.) The English Reform- 
ers (Seebohm : Oxford Reformers. Longmans. $5.00) ; Erasmus of 
Rotterdam (Emerton : Desiderius Erasmus. Heroes of the Reforma- 
tion Series. Putnam. $1.50; Froude : Life and Letters of Eras- 
mus. Scribner. $1.50 ; Whitcomb : Select Colloquies of Erasmus. 
Longmans. $1.00). 

PICTURES AND MAP 

Map : It will be a good exercise to locate on the map the chief 
universities, such as Cologne, Erfurt, Heidelberg, Prague, Vienna, 
and Leipzig. 

Pictures: The p'ctures in the text area portrait of Willibald 
(" W " changes to " L " in Latin) Pirckheimer, a wealthy German 
patrician of Nuremberg, who afforded much aid to struggling stu- 
dents. His fur-trimmed gown is a mark of wealth and importance. 
The portrait is by Albert Dilrer, most celebrated of German artists 
of the Renaissance. Observe his signature. Portrait of Erasmus, 
also by Diirer. Observe here method of writing on little desk ; purely 



12 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

finger-movement. Observe also books of the time, with clasps. 
Teacher may select from Perry Pictures or other series a few famous 
pictures by A. Durer or Holbein. 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points fob Research : I. What is Wimpheling's idea of the no- 
tilcs of his day t Reasons for the study of the humanities! II. Whal 
were the interests of Frenchmen of this timet Why were they be- 
hind Italians in intellectual affairs 1 (Note "clarke," Lat. cleric us; 
practically one who gave hi.s time to letters.) III. What was Eras- 
mus's position toward learning? toward theology 1 What is meant 
by "scholastic subtleties"! Does he more resemble the Italian or 
the German humanists 1 (Look up in Encycl. Wimphelfng and 
Castiglione.) 

§6. INVENTION AND DISCOVERY 

( Cambridge Modern History, vol. i, chaps, i and ii ; Fiske, J. : The 
Discovery of America. 1892. 

TOPICS 

The Invention of Printing (look up Gutenberg, Costar, Aldo Ma- 
nuzio, in Encycl.) ; Prince Henry the Navigator (Beazley : Prince 
Henry the Navigator, "Heroes"; Morse Stephens: Portugal, "Na- 
tions"); Columbus (Irving, W. : Columbus, "Heroes"; in Winsor, J.: 
Narrative and Critical History of America); Copernicus (See Enc. 
Brit, and International.) 

PICTURES AND MAP 

Map : Trace voyages of Diaz, da Gama, Magellan, on map. 

Pictures : The picture called " Terrors of the Deep," p. 30, is 
from the Nuremberg Chro?iicle, and reflects popular ideas regarding 
sea-monsters in the time of Columbus. 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research: I. Why was the straw used? What was 
needed to make the compass a practical instrument? II. Where is 
the land described by Columbus? Was the nightingale there? Was 
it extremely rich in gold ? in spices ? What was the value of aloes- 
wood ? How did Columbus justify the enslaving of the inhabitants? 
Had he found cinnamon? Were his observations accurate? 



THE REFORMATION 13 

CHAPTER III— THE REFORMATION 
§ 7. PERIOD OF THE COUNCILS 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Creighton, M. : History of the Papacy ; Van Dyke : Age of the 
Renascence ; Fisher, George P. : The Reformation. Scribner. $2.50 ; 
Pastor : History of the Popes ; Robinson : History of Western Eu- 
rope, chap, xxi ; T. and R., vol. iii, No. 6. 

TOPICS 
Wyclif (Poole : Wycliffe and Movements for Reform. Epochs of 
Church Hist. Longmans. 80 cents ; Sergeant : John Wyclif, " He- 
roes"; Creighton: Hist, of Papacy, etc.); John Hnss (Creighton, 
best account) ; Pope John XXIII (Pastor ; Creighton) ; Development of 
the heretical party in Bohemia. Tisza. (Creighton); Jerome of 
Prague (Whitcomb : Source-Book, p. 40). 

PICTURES 

The picture at the beginning of the chapter represents the sacra- 
ments of the Church. They should be seven in number. At the left 
we distinguish : Baptism, Confirmation, Confession and Absolution, 
the Eucharist ; on the right-hand panel, Ordination, Marriage, and 
Extreme Unction. 

On page 36 we have John Huss at the stake, clad in the peniten- 
tial robes, which were placed upon him after he had been deprived of 
his priestly garb and turned over to the lay authoi'ities. 

On page 38 we are shown the horrors of warfare in the fifteenth 
century. In the foreground a toil-house (?) is being robbed and the 
casket carried off ; in the background a woman is using her distaff 
against a mounted marauder, who is driving off the cattle of the 
burning village. 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points foe Research : I. What causes the ruin of monasteries, 
etc. ? Where does the money go ? (Note : " Taxes " is a general term 
for any forced contribution.) What are the relics and other articles 
described ? II. Object of Decree " Sacrosancta " ? What change 
did it make in headship of Church? Was it to be permanent? Ob- 
ject of Decree " Frequens " ? Why is anything said about the place 
of the council? (If it met south of the Alps it would be almost 
wholly Italian). 



14 TEACHING MODERN BISTORT 

§a THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY 

GEN K UAL REFEBENCES 

Same as § 7. Beard : Reformation of (he Sixteenth Century in 
its Relation to Modern Thought and Knowledge (Hibbert Lecture), 
Scribner, $1.50; Spaulding (Bishop): History of the Protestant 
Reformation, Murphy, $13.50, 1875; Hausser: The Period of the 
Reformation, Amer. Tract Society, $2.00; Janssen : History of the 
German People] lietzold, O'eschichte der deutschen Reformation, 
" Oncken." 

TOPICS 

Martin Luther (Kostlin : Life of Martin Luther, Scribner, $2.50) ; 
Jacobs: Martin Luther (Heroes of the Reformation Series), $1.50; 
Creighton: Hist, of Papacy, vol. vi; G. Freytag: Doctor Luther, 
Open Court, $1.00; The Ninety-five Theses (T. and P., vol. ii, 
No. 6) ; The Great Early Writings of Luther (Wace and Buchheira: 
Luther's Primary Works, Lutheran Pub. Co., $2.50); Luther's Pri- 
vate Life (Jjuther's 'fable-Talk, Stokes, 50 cents); Pope Leo X (Pastor : 
History of the Popes, etc. ; Roscoe : Leo X) ; Charles V at the Diet of 
Worms (Robertson: Charles V); The Sale of Indulgences (see In- 
structions for Sale of Indulgences, T. and R., vol. ii, No. 6); Philip 
Melanchthon, Luther's Helper (Richard : Philip Melanchthon (Heroes 
of the Ret), Putnam, $1.50. 

SOURCE REVIEW 

I. (This is a part of a sermon sent out by Tetzel to village priests, 
in order that attention might be called to the value of the indul- 
gence.) Mortal and venial sins? Function of Purgatory ? What do 
we learn about banking at the time ? (" See," from Latin, sedia, a 
chair ; " Confessional letters," " Letters," from Latin, littera, docu- 
ments.) II. Where is Wittenberg? How much of a journey to 
Worms? Meaning of reference to nuss and Jerome? It was an im- 
perial Diet at Worms. Who was there ? 

§9. THE LATER REFORMATION 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Same as § 8. Robinson : History of Western Europe, chap, xxvii. 

TOPICS 
Huldreich Zwingli (Jackson : Huldreich Zwingli (Heroes of the 
Ref., $1.50) ; Jackson : Selections from the Writings of Zwingli, Long- 



THE REFORMATION 15 

mans,$1.00; Henry VIII (Moberly: The Early Tudors, Epochs of Mod- 
ern History) ; John Calvin (Hausser, op. cit., Part IV ; T. and R., 
vol. iii, No. 3); Geneva in the middle of the sixteenth century (see 
article in Enc. Brit, and International. Note that Geneva was not 
a part of Switzerland until after Napoleon's time.) The Peasant War 
(Bax, B. : The Peasant War, Macmillan, $2.00 ; " 12 Articles " in T. 
and R., vol. ii, No. 6). 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points fob Research : I. " is and ought to be " ; was this a 
fact ? What is the real effect of the Act of Supremacy ? Of what 
was it the beginning ? Relate events leading up to this act. II. It is 
suggested that this is one of the reasons why Protestant churches are 
commonly closed out of service hours. What other reasons suggest 
themselves? What did Calvin mean by " impelled by superstition "? 

§10. THE COUNTER-REFORMATION 
GENERAL REFERENCES 

Same as § 8. Robinson : op. cit., chap, xxvii ; Ward : The Counter- 
Reformation (Epochs of Church History, 80 cents) ; Froude : The 
Council of Trent, Longmans, 3s. Qd. 

TOPICS 

Ignatius Loyola (Hausser, op. cit., chap, xx ; Hughes : Loyola and 
the Educational System of the Jesuits, Scribner, $1.00; art. in Enc. 
Brit, and International) ; Missionary Work of Jesuits ; Francis Xavier 
(see art. Jesuits in Enc. Bint.) ; Council of Trent (Hausser, pp. 258- 
264 ; Froude, cited above ; for typical articles of faith of Council of 
Trent, see T. and R., vol. ii, No. 6). 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : What was the Index ? Its object ? Effect 
on the book trade? on universities? (Note: Frankfort was a great 
center of the book trade, on account of its annual fair ; Zurich a cen- 
ter of distribution for South Germany ; Venice a great printing center 
(Aldo), especially for Greek and Latin texts). Sketch Loyola's career 
from Parkman's account. What is the importance of his military 
training for his subsequent career? How does the Jesuit differ from 
men of other religious orders ? 
3 



L6 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

CHAPTER IV— WARS OF RELIGION 
§11. THE RELIGIOUS STRUGGLE IN GERMANY 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Same as £ S. 

TOPICS 

Clricfa vim Button ami the Knights (llausser, op. cit., chap, vi) j 
Maurice of Saxony and the Schmalkaldic War (H&usser, chap, xv) ; 
Last Days of Luther (Jacobs: Martin Luther; Kostlin : Life of 
Martin Luther); Retirement of Charles V (Robertson: Charles V; 

T. and R., vol. iii, No. '.I). Locate on map: Spires, Augsburg, Eesse, 
Saxony, Metz, Toul, and Verdun. Indicate on map (page 58) lands 
given to Philip II; to Ferdinand. 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research: Indicate descent of Charles from Maxi- 
milian. Why had Charles to defend Christendom against the Turk I 
He says to his son 1'hilip that he did not act promptly enough against 
the heretics. What prevented him from doing so? II. Had he be- 
come a monk at Yuste? Was he withdrawn entirely from the world ( 
How long did he live there? What had broken down his reign and 
ruined his hopes? Was it his lack of ability, or the multiplicity of 
his affairs? 

§ 12. RELIGIOUS WARS IN FRANCE 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Kit chin: History of France; Hausser, op. cit., part vi ; Ranke : 
Civil Wars and Monarchy in France. Harper. 

TOPICS 

Francis II and Mary Stuart (Lamartine : Mary Stuart. Hough- 
ton. 60 cents); The Huguenots (Baird, II. M. : The Huguenots and 
Henry of Navarre, % vols. Scribner. $5.00); Admiral Coligny and 
the Massacre of St. Bartholomew (T. and R., vol. iii, No. 3); Chan- 
cellor L'Hopital (Kitchin, op. cit. and Encycl.); Henry of Navarre 
(Willert: Henry of Navarre, "Heroes"); Edict of Nantes (Kitchin, 
op. cit. ; T. and R., vol. iii, No. 3) ; Theodore Beza (Baird : Theodore 
Beza (Heroes of the Ref.), $1.50; T. and R., vol. iii, No. 3). 



COMMERCE 17 



PICTURES 
The equestrian portrait of Henry II (page 66) shows the military 
dress of the time ; the contemporary print of the Death of Coligny 
(page 68) is an attempt to represent two distinct events. On August 
22 Coligny was fired upon and wounded. Two days later he and all 
Huguenots who could be found were killed. 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : I. Note that the settlement of the Edict 
of Nantes is based, not on individual states, as in Germany, nor on 
cantons, as in Switzerland, but on feudal estates or holdings. Who is 
allowed to celebrate the Reformed religion? Under what restric- 
tions f Why is it forbidden in Paris or " beyond the mountains " 
(i. e., Navarre)? What of those who live where they can not cele- 
brate the religion ? II. How many children of Catharine de Medici's 
reigned? III. Upon whom does Margaret put the onus of the 
massacre ? 

§13. SPAIN AND THE NETHERLANDS 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Motley : The Rise of the Dutch Republic. Macmillan. $3.00 ; Har- 
rison, Frederic : William the Silent. Macmillan. 75 cents ; Put- 
nam, R. : William the Silent, 2 vols. ; Hausser, op. cit., Part V ; Hume, 
Martin A. S. : Philip II. Macmillan. 75 cents ; Robinson : Hist, of 
Western Europe, chap, xxviii. 

TOPICS 

Character of Philip II (Hausser, chap, xxi, art. in Enc. Brit.) ; 
The Auto da Fe (art. International Encycl.) ; The Moriscoes (Clarke : 
History of Spain, ii, 181-189) ; The Armada (Green : Short History 
of the English People, chap, vii, § vi. 



CHAPTER V— COMMERCE 

§14. STRUGGLE FOR THE INDIAN TRADE 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Gibbins : History of Commerce in Europe. Macmillan. 90 cents ; 
Morse Stephens: Portugal, " Nations " ; Bax: German Society at the 
Close of the Middle Ages. Macmillan. $1.75. 



is TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 



TOPICS 

Locate the South German trading cities Augsburg, Nuremberg, 
and Ratisbon, and note that they lie on the route from Venice north- 
ward. From these towns Venetian goods were forwarded down the 
Rhine to the great fair at Frankfort, and distributed through lower 
Germany. Portuguese empire in Hie Orient (Stephens: Portugal, 
art. " Portugal " in Encycl.). Portuguese-German monopoly of spices 
in fifteenth century (see translated document on monopoly in Rax: 
German Society, etc.). Division of new lands between Portugal and 
Spain by Pope Alexander VI (see Pastor's History of the Popes). 
Dutch colonial empire (see art. "Holland " (Netherlands) in Encycl.). 

PICTURES 

Picture on page 78 shows warehouse and counting-room of early 
German merchant. Upon the desk is seen an abacus for counting, 
wrench-like tool for testing coin, and writing materials. Nearby, the 
strong-box. Note the men making tight bales for transportation. 

On page 82 we have a view of Rhine shipping. It is evident that, 
on account of the swift stream, water carriage was mostly down stream. 
Very likely the boats were broken up and sold for lumber at the end 
of the journey. 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : (This is Vasco da Gama's account of his 
voyage.) Where is Calecut 1 (Not to be confounded with Calcutta.) 
What are the chief spices from India ? Describe the old route across 
Egypt. What made it very expensive ? What were the respective 
advantages and disadvantages of the water- route (Good Hope)? 
What is a galley? 

§ 15. ENGLISH AND FRENCH COLONIZATION 
GENERAL REFERENCES 
Frazer : British Rule in India, " Nations " ; Gardiner : A Stu- 
dent's History of England, p. 758 et seq.; Gibbins: History of Com- 
merce in Europe ; Fiske, J. : Discovery of America. 2 vols. Houghton. 
$4.00 ; Creighton, M. : The Age of Elizabeth, " Epochs " ; Seeley : 
The Expansion of England. Macmillan. $1.50. 

TOPICS 
English Seamen of the Age of Elizabeth— Raleigh, Drake (see art. 
in Enc. Brit, and International). Look up Lord Clive and Warren 



THE SUPREMACY OF PRANCE 19 

Hastings ; also Eastlndia Company. Locate Bombay, Bengal, Delhi 
(Malleson : Clive. Univ. Press, Oxford. 60 cents). What were the 
parts of America originally held by Spain? By Portugal"? What 
were England's locations! Those of Prance? 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : I. Why has American history aroused 
greater interest? Where were Cortes's victories? Locate Spanish 
cities mentioned. Who was the Great Captain (Gonzalvo) ? Who was 
Macaulay ? II. Whence had come all this wealth Clive found ? For 
what was it sent eastward ? " Byzants," why so called ? 



CHAPTER VI— THE SUPREMACY OF FRANCE 
§ 16. GREAT MINISTERS OF FRANCE 
GENERAL REFERENCES 

Kitchin : History of France, vol. iii ; Perkins, J. B. : France 
under Mazarin, 2 vols. Putnam. $ 4.00. 

TOPICS 

Sully (Hausser, op. cit., pp. 393-401) ; Richelieu (Perkins : Riche- 
lieu, " Heroes ") ; Mazarin (Masson : Life of Mazarin. Young. 
$1.25) ; Colbert (art. Enc. Brit, and International ; Sargent : Eco- 
nomic Policy of Colbert. Longmans. 75 cents). 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : What seems to be the character of 
Henry IV? What induced Sully to continue under such a master? 
This is perhaps a fair example of what the servants of kings were 
accustomed to endure. How does the public service differ now ? 

§17. THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Gindely : History of the Thirty Years' War, 2 vols. Putnam. 
$3.50 ; Gardiner : The Thirty Years' War, " Epochs " ; Andrews : 
Institutes of General History, chap, ix ; Hausser : Period of the 
Reformation, Parts VIII, IX ; Robinson : History of Western Europe, 
chap. xxix. 



20 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 



TOPICS 
Insufficiency of Peace of Augsburg (Gardiner, ojS. tit., chap, i) ; 
Wallensteiu (Schiller: Thirty Yeartf War, Hurl, $1.00; Hausser, 
chap, xxxiii): Qustavus Adolphus (Fletcher: Qvstavus Adolphus, 
"Heroes"); Fall of Magdeburg; selfishness of Lutheran princes 
(Gardiner, p. L35 et seq.) : Intervention of France — motives and terms 
(Gardiner, p. 201 et seq.); Peace of Westphalia (Hausser, chap, xl; 
Qardiner, p. 213 et seq.). 

SO LUCK REVIEW 

Points for Research: I. What changes did Gustavus Adolphus 
make, according to Schiller? Why docs he say "at the first" in para- 
graph 21 What was the advantage of this strict discipline! II. How 
were troops maintained, according to this account? What would be 
the efEecl of such warfare upon a country 1 ? Why is modem warfare 
less destructive 1 

§18. AGE OF LOUIS XIV 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Kitchin : History of France, vol. iii ; Perkins: France under the 
Regency. Houghton. $2.00; Hassall : Louis XIV, " Heroes " ; Rob- 
inson : History of Western Europe, chap. xxxi. 

TOPICS 

Position of the King — Taine : Ancient Regime. Holt. $2.50. 
Book i, chap. iv. Versailles — Taine : Book ii, chap. i. 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : What was the particular reason for wish- 
ing to be near the king? Do you suppose Louis XIV enjoyed this 
etiquette, or had he some good reason for enduring it? (As, for ex- 
ample, to keep his nobles out of mischief and plotting.) 

§19. THE REVOLUTION OF ENGLAND 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Green : A Short History of the English People, chaps, viii, ix ; 
Gardiner: A Student's History of England, chaps, xxxiv-xli ; Robin- 
son : History of Western Europe, chap, xxx ; Hale : The Fall of the 
Stuarts, " Epochs." 



THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 21 

TOPICS 
John Milton (Green : chap, viii, § 1) ; James I and the Divine Right 
of Kings (Green : chap, viii, § 2) ; John Hampden and Ship-money 
(Green : chap, viii, § 5) ; Oliver Cromwell (Firth : Oliver Cromwell, 
- Heroes ") ; The Restoration (Green : chap, ix, § 2) ; William of 
Orange (Green : chap, ix, § vii). 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : Why called " Rump " Parliament ? Sig- 
nificance of his putting his hat back on his head ? Use of the mace 
in the Parliament (sign of authority). What kind of a man does this 
act show Cromwell to be f 



CHAPTER VII— THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY 

§20. BENEVOLENT DESPOTISM 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Lowell : Eve of the French Revolution. Houghton. $2.00 ; De 
Tocqueville : State of Society in France before the Revolution of 
1789. Murray. $3.00 ; Taine : The Ancient Regime. 

TOPICS 

Character of Louis XV (Perkins : France under Louis XV, 2 vols. 
Houghton. $4.00; Turgot, Minister of Louis XVI (Say: Turgot. 
McClurg. 75 cents ; T. and R., vol. vi, No. 1) : Joseph II, Emperor of 
Austria (Hassall : The Balance of Power. Macmillan. $1.75. Chap, 
xiii) ; Italy in the Eighteenth Century (Stephens : The Revolution in 
Europe. Macmillan. $1.75) ; Look up A randa, Pombal (Hassall, op. 
cit., chap, x); Character of Marie Antoinette (Bicknell: TJie Story 
of Marie Antoinette. New York, 1897. 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : I. Evidently Louis XVI had two pas- 
sions ; what were they % Contrast Louis XVI with Louis XIV. Was 
Louis XVI fond of court etiquette 1 (He used to rise early and work 
at his forge; then, some hours later, return for his official rising.) 
Soulavie's analysis of Louis's character. II. What was Joseph IPs 
impression of the French court % Why did he censure his sister ? 



22 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

§21. FREDERICK THE GREAT 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Tuttlc: History of Prussia (4 vols. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 
$8.25); Longman: Frederick the Great, "Epochs"; Carlyle: Fred- 
erick the Great (3 vols. Chapman. $2.25); Hassall : The. Balance 
of Power, chap, ix ; Robinson: Hist, of Western Europe, chap, xxxii. 

TOPICS 

Foundation of Hohenzollernjlouse in Brandenburg and Prussia 
(Tuttle: Longman, op. cit., chap, ii) ; The "Great Ejector" (Hender- 
son : Short History of Germany, vol. ii, chap, i) ; Origin of Kingdom 
of Prussia (Henderson : vol. ii, pp. 29-40) ; Frederick William I and 
his Giants (Henderson : vol. ii, chap, iii); Ma r i a Theresa, Empress of 
Austria (Bright : Life of Maria Theresa. Macmillan. 75 cents). 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Jiilich, a possession of Prussia in the lower Rhine country. Lo- 
cation of Potsdam ? 

§22. SWEDEN AND RUSSIA 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Rambaud : History of Russia, 2 vols. Coryell. $2.00 ; Waliszew- 
ski: Life of Peter the Great. Appleton. $2.00 ; Bain : Charles XII, 
" Heroes." 

TOPICS 

House of Romanoff (Rambaud : Chap, xviii) ; Peter the Great's 
visit to the West of Europe (Waliszewski ; Rambaud : Chap, xxii) ; 
Charles XII (Bain: Charles XII; Wakeman, The Ascendency of 
France, " Periods," chap, xiii) ; Poland (Morrill : Poland, " Nations"). 
Look up Kosciuszko and Poniatowski. Look up map of partition of 
Poland in atlas (Putzger). 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research. — I. Where did Peter get his western ideas 1 
Why was Russian society so Oriental ? (" Ukase," Russian imperial 
edict ; " moujik," Russian peasant.) Peter's acts show the autocratic 
character of Russian rule. II. Look up word " Cossack." Locate 
Ukraine on map. 



THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 23 

§23. THE FRENCH PHILOSOPHERS 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Lowell : Eve of the French Revolution. Houghton. $2.00 ; 
Taine : The Ancient Regime ; Hassall : The Balance of Power, chap, 
xiv ; Trans, and Repr., vol. vi, No. 1. 

TOPICS 

Montesquieu (The Spirit of the Laws. Macmillan. 2 vols. $2.00) ; 
Voltaire (Morley : Voltaire. Macmillan. $1.50); Rousseau (Morley : 
Rousseau, 2 vols. Macmillan. $3.00 ; The Social Contract. Scrib- 
ners. $1.00 ; Emile. Appleton. $1.50) ; Diderot (Morley : Diderot 
and the Encyclopmdists. Macmillan. 2 vols. $3.00.) 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : Note that Montesquieu's chief idea is that 
human institutions must be determined by local conditions. How 
does this agree with the idea of divine right and other ideas of the 
time of Louis XIV ? Why must empires (despotisms) be large geo- 
graphical divisions 1 (Only absolute power could control them.) Does 
liberty or servility depend on geography ? Give Montesquieu's argu- 
ment. (Teacher may take up extracts from Social Contract and 
Emile ; T. and R., vol. vi, No. 1.) 



CHAPTER VIII— THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 

§24. THE MEETING OF THE ESTATES GENERAL 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Stephens : The French Revolution. 3 vols. Scribner. $2.50 
each; Mathews: The French Revolution. Longmans. $1.25 ; Mi- 
gnet: History of the French Revolution. Macmillan. $1.00. 

TOPICS 
State of France. Privileges (T. and R., vol. vi, No. 1, extract 
from pamphlet of Sieyes ; Lowell : Eve of French Revolution, chap- 
ter on Pamphlets) ; Taxes (Lowell, chapter on Taxes ; T. and R., vol. v, 
No. 2, Protest of the Cour des Aides). Cahiers (T. and R., vol. iv, 
No. 5, Typical Cahiers of 1789 ; Lowell : Chapters on Cahiers). Mira- 
beau ( Willert : Mirabeau. Macmillan. 75 cents). 



24 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : I. This celebrated pamphlet of Sieyes be- 
came the program of the revolutionary party. Sieyes was a clergy- 
man, an unattached abbot. Show bis argument that the privileged 

classes were not essential to the nation. II. Was the Estates General 
demanded by the nobility of Bloisa different thing from the tradi- 
tional Estates General of France If In what respect? Had France 
ever had a Constitution I (No). Why do they demand an automatic 
and periodical assembly of the Estates General ( Where bad the leg- 
islative power been heretofore ( Who had imposed taxes I (Notes.— 
By "nation" is meant the nation assembled in the Est at es General.) 

§25. THE GREAT REFORM OF 17U1 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Same as § 24. 

TOPICS 

Destruction of the Bastille (Carlyle: French Revolution. Mac- 
millan. Temp. Classics, 3 vols., at 50 cents. Vol. i) ; Abolition of 
Feudal Privileges (Text of Decree in T. and R., vol. i, No. 5) ; Con- 
stitution of 1791 (good resume in Gardiner; French Revolution 
" Epochs," chap, iv) ; Civil Constitution of the Clergy (condensed text 
in T. and R., vol. i, No. 5) ; Finances of the Revolution (White : Fiat 
Money Inflation in France. Appleton. 25 cents). 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : I. Who were the ones that led in the re- 
nunciation of privileges ? Where had they imbibed their liberalism ? 
(Note. — Deputies of the Third Estate could be nobles as well. Mira- 
beau is an example. A deputy did not have to belong to the Estate 
he represented.) "Dove-cote and game laws": why burdensome? 
(See Lowell, or " Cahiers," T. and R.) What are church tithes '. Where 
is Avignon ; what has made it famous? II. Effect of emigration on 
the army. (In ancien regime all commissioned officers must be 
noble.) What might have been the effect if the aristocracy had re- 
mained? What was their motive in going away ? 

§26. THE JACOBIN REVOLUTION 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Same as § 24. Latimer : My Scrapbook of the French Revolu- 
tion. McClurg. $2.50. 



NAPOLEON BONAPARTE 25 



TOPICS 

(Terms " bourgeoisie " and " proletariat." It has been found 
convenient to use them, to avoid circumlocution. Bourgeois means 
middle-class. The bourgeoisie is the class between the privileged 
classes and the peasantry [in rural parts ; artisans, in town]. It is the 
propertied class, as opposed to the proletariat or non-propertied 
class ; so called, cynically perhaps, because their possessions are in 
their proles, children.) Robespierre (Belloc : Robespierre. Scribner. 
$2.00). Danton (Belloc, H. : Danton. Scribner. $2.50). Marat (Bax: 
Jean Paul Marat. Small. $2.50). The Jacobin Club (T. arid R., 
vol. i, No. 5). 



CHAPTER IX— NAPOLEON BONAPARTE 
§27. BONAPARTE, GENERAL OP THE DIRECTORY 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Rose : A Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, 2 vols. Macmillan. $4.00 ; 
Watson : Napoleon. Macmillan. $2.25 ; Lanfrey : History of Na- 
poleon 1, 4 vols. Macmillan. $9.00 (very bitter) ; Tarbell : Napoleon 
and Josephine. McClure. $2.50 ; Fournier : Life of Napoleon I. 
Holt (announced). 

TOPICS 

Napoleon's Family (Tschudi : The Great Napoleon's Mother. 
Dutton. $2.50) ; Josephine (Tarbell : op. cit. ; Napoleon's Letters to 
Josephine. Dutton. $3.00) ; The Italian Campaign (Sargeant : First 
Campaign of Napoleon. McClurg. $1.50) ; Campaign in Egypt and 
Syria (Lanfrey : op. cit., vol. i) ; The English Fleet (Russell : Nelson, 
" Heroes ") ; Peace of Campo Formio (secret articles in T. and R., 
vol. ii, No. 2). 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : I. What was the spirit of the Revolution 
that, dictated a change in the calendar and a lapse of the Christian 
era? Explain system of Revolutionary calendar. Difficulty in re- 
membering concordance of two calendars ; whence does it arise 1 II. 
(From Tarbell's Napoleon's Addresses. Page. $1.00.) How does 
Bonaparte appeal to his soldiers'? Honor? Riches'? What "fer- 
tile plains"? III. Personal appearance of Bonaparte in 1796-97? 
(" Tricolor." Origin uncertain ; perhaps, colors of Paris [red and blue], 



26 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

with Bourbon white added. Bands in French Mag determined in 
1794, blue, white, red.) Describe Bonaparte's state at Montebello. 

How could he acquire so soon this royal dignity i 

§28. CONSULATE AND EMPIRE 
Same as §27. For later years— Rosebery : Napoleon: The Last 
Phase (Harper, $3.00); for general estimate — Taine : The Modern 
Regime, vol. i, chap, i (lloll. $2.50 per vol.). 

TOPICS 

Treaty of Luneville (Text in T. and R., vol. ii, No. 2); TJie Code 
Napoleon (Rose, vol. i, p. 265 el seq.); Wars of Conquest (Ropes: 77<e 
Fi rsl Napoleon, Houghton. $2.00); Blockade and Continental Sys- 
tem (T. and R., vol. ii, No. 2); The Expedition to Moscow (Tolstoi: 
The Russian Campaign of Napoleon. Crowell. $1.50); Exile and 
Death (a full discussion of the literature of St. Helena is found in 
Rosebery; work cited above). 

SOURCE REVIEW 

I. Succession. Joseph, eldest brother, had no male heirs. 
Lucien, who married against the wish of Napoleon, was shut out from 
the succession. The succession then passed to line of Louis (after 
death of Napoleon II in 1832). At death of son of Napoleon III in 
1879, the Bonaparte leadership passed to line of Jerome, whose son 
Victor, by virtue of seniority, is the present head of the somewhat un- 
prosperous Bonaparte cause. II. Mme. de Remusat was lady-in- 
waiting to Josephine, and saw Napoleon daily. Had he changed 
since 1797 (Miot de Melito)*? III. Show how Napoleon accomplished 
so much work. Is this what is called genius I IV. What was the 
financial improvement in Prance since the beginning of the Revolu- 
tion ? 



CHAPTER X— THE RESTORATION 
§29. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

In entering upon the history of the nineteenth century, or " Con- 
temporary History," as it is generally called, we find a number of new 
guides : 

Outlines : West : Outlines and References for European History 



THE RESTORATION 27 

in the Nineteenth Century. Minneapolis. University Book Store. 
20 cents. 

Levermore and Dewey : Political History since 1815 ; a Syllabus 
of Lectures prepared for use in the Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 
nology, Boston. W. J. Schofield. 

The following works deal with the whole period of the nineteenth 
century (or at least to their dates of publication) : 

Seignobos : Political History of Europe Since 1815. Holt. $3.00. 

Andrews : The Historical Development of Modern Europe. Put- 
nam. $2.50. 

Andrews : Contemporary Europe, Asia, and Africa. Vol. xx of 
A History of All Nations. Lea Bros., Philadelphia and New York. 

Fyffe : History of Modem Europe. (Popular edition, 1 vol.) 
Holt, $2.50. 

Mueller: Political History of Recent Times. American Book. 
$2.00. 

Judson : Europe in the Nineteenth Century. Scribner. $1.25. 

Lodge : History of Modem Europe. American Book. $1.50. 

Grant-Duff : Studies in European Politics. Hamilton. 10s. 6d. 

Mackenzie : The Nineteenth Century. Nelson. $1.00. 

TOPICS 

The Charter of 1814 (Text in T. and R., vol. i, No. 3) ; The Task 
of the Congress of Vienna (Fyffe, chap, xii) ; Napoleon and the 100 
Days (Rose : op cit., vol. ii ; Fyffe, chap. xii). 

§30. THE POLICY OF METTERN1CH 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Robinson : History of Western Europe, chap, xxxix ; Memoirs 
of Prince Mettemich. Harper. 3 vols. $3.00. General histories as 
indicated in § 29. Fyffe : chap. xiii. 

TOPICS 
France under Louis XVIII and Charles X, 1815-1830 (Mueller, 
pp. 90-101 ; Lamartine : History of the Restoration of Monarchy in 
France. 4 vols.) ; The Revolution of July (Fyffe, pp. 604-618 ; Muel- 
ler, pp. 99-112; Lodge, pp. 660-662; Italy in 1815-1830 (Thayer: 
Dawn of Italian Independence. 2 vols. Houghton. $4.00) ; Spain, 
1815-1830 (Seignobos, op. cit., chap, x) ; Germany, 1815-1830 (Hen- 
derson : A Short History of Germany, vol. ii, chap, viii) ; T. and R., 
vol. i, No. 3, for Carlsbad Resolutions. 



■_'-> TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 



SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Rbseaboh: Who was Canoval A Perry picture of 
the facade of SI. Mark's, Venice, shows these horses above the portal. 

They were originally brought from i 'onstantinople. What is the Vati- 
can 1 Locate Florence, Antwerp, Aix-la-t'hapelle. 



CHAPTER XI-FRANCE SINCE 1830 

§31. REIGN OF LOUIS PHILIPPE 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Blanc, L. : History of Ten Fears, 1830-1840; Adams: Democracy 
anil Monarchy in France. Holt. $2.50. Pp. 250-286. 

TOPICS 

Personality of Louis Philippe (Latimer : France in the Nineteenth 
Century. McClurg. $2.50. Pp. 34-92); Parliamentary Leaders. 
Thiers and Guizot (look up in Encycl.\ Witt, Mine. Henriette: M. 
Guizot in Private Life Estes. $2.75. 1882); The Spanish Mar- 
riage (Fyffe, pp. 699-701 ; Andrews, pp. 322-325). 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : I. " Egalite," Louis Philippe's father, the 
Duke of Orleans, was suspected of fomenting revolution against his 
cousin, Louis XVI, in order that the house of Orleans might succeed 
the Bourbons of the elder branch. He sought favor with the Jacobins 
by changing his name to Philip Egalite, but nevertheless lost his 
head. Although Louis Philippe was a " citizen king," yet his desire 
to create a dynasty, and his determination to rule personally at any 
cost, lost him his throne. II. The system of Guizot was a complete 
system of boss rule. How did the government manage the deputies ? 
Why was it desirable to limit the franchise to a few? How did the 
liberals wage their campaign? (Newspapers were not then so powerful 
and numerous as now.) 

§32. REVOLUTION OF 1848 AND SECOND EMPIRE 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Saint-Armand : The Revolution of ISJ^S. Scribner. $1.25; An- 
drews: chap, viii; Maurice: Revolutionary Movement in 18 '48. Put- 
nam. $2.50. 



THE RESTORATION 29 



TOPICS 

The Liberal Party and Lamartine (look up Lamartine ; Latimer : 
France in the Nineteenth Century) ; The Socialist Element and Louis 
Blanc (Ely : French and German Socialism ; Mill : French Revolution 
of 1848 — Dissertations, vol. iii) ; The Second Republic, 1848-1852 
(Murdock : The Reorganization of Europe. Houghton. $2.00) ; Louis 
Bonaparte (Forbes : The Life of Napoleon III. Dodd. $3.50 ; Hugo : 
Napoleon the Little. Sheldon. $1.50 [violently opposed to Na- 
poleon III]) ; The Great Coup d'Etat (Maupas : Story of the Coup 
a" Flat. Appleton. $1.75 ; Hugo : Story of a Crime. Burt. 75 
cents) ; The Empress Eugenie (Latimer, work cited above) ; Maximilian 
in Mexico (Latimer). 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : I. Louis Blanc held that the government 
was obliged to furnish labor for the unemployed (" droit au travail "). 
The idle and worthless from all France nocked into Paris. Explain 
the system of the woi'kshops. What was the result to the govern- 
ment? What were the " Days of June " ? (Note. — The socialistic ex- 
periment was tried under very unfavorable circumstances ; during a 
political revolution, with the majority of Frenchmen against it.) 
II. Why should the prestige of the Napoleonic name fall with Sedan ? 
With whom did Napoleon III treat? Whom did he wish to see? 
Why ? Where was Napoleon III sent ? His later experiences ? 

§33. THE THIRD REPUBLIC 
GENERAL REFERENCES 

Lebon : Modem France, " Nations " ; Bodley, J. E. C. : France. 
Macmillan. $2.50 (a very complete discussion of modern French 
conditions, slightly pessimistic) ; Coubertin : The Evolution of France. 
Crowell. $3.00 (equally able, and optimistic) ; Hanotaux, G. : Con- 
temporary France, vol. i, 1870-'73. Putnam. $2.50 ; Lynch : 
French Life in Town and Country. Putnam. $1.20. 

TOPICS 

Gambetta (look up life in Encycl.) ; The Commune (March : The 
History of the Paris Commune. London, 1896. 7s. 6d.) ; Thiers 
(Remusat : Life of Thiers. McClurg. 75 cents) ; Present French 
Constitution (Wilson : The State ; Lowell, A. L. : Governments and 
Parties of Modem Europe. Houghton. $5.00) ; The Dreyfus Case 



30 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

(Guyon : The Dreyfus Affair. Geddes & Co., Edinburgh. Is.). (Note. 
—The teacher will and it well to finish the contemporary history of 
France with the article on France in the current Dumber of the 
Statesman's Fear-Book, MacmUlan, $8.00, and with a general phys- 
ical review from .Stanford's Compendium.) 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research: I. What was destroyed by the Commune 
in Paris 1 (Tuileries never rebuilt ; Hotel de Ville exactly reproduced). 
What was the Tuileries, Hotel de Ville (City Hall), Louvre? Why 
were these places destroyed ? How? II. Who was Couni ofParisI 
(grandson of L. Philippe); Count of Chambord f (grandson of Charles 
X, posthumous son of Duke de Berri). Why did the Count of Cham- 
bord not get the crown? The Count of Chambord was childless; he 
would have adopted the Count of Paris, so that the throne would 
have passed to the Orleanists. Both are now dead, and a Duke of 
Orleans represents the Bourbon-Orleans claims. 



CHAPTER XII— THE GERMAN EMPIRE 

§ 34. DEVELOPMENT OF PRUSSIA 

Bryce: Holy Roman Empire, supplementary chapter; Tuttle: 
History of Prussia. Houghton. 4 vols. $8.25 ; Seeley : Life and 
Times of Stein. Little. 2 vols. $6.00 ; Henderson : A Short His- 
tory of Germany. 

TOPICS 
The Reforms of Stein and Hardenberg (Bigelow : German Strug- 
gle for Liberty. 2 vols. Harper. $5.00 ; Seeley, cited above, par- 
ticularly Part III, chap, iii, iv); The Reorganization of the Army 
(Seeley, Part IV, chap, iv) ; City Administration (Stein, Part V, chap. 
iii; Shaw: Municipal Government in Continental Europe. Macrail- 
lan. $2.00). 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research: Who was Fichte? His addresses were 
delivered while French soldiers were in possession of Berlin. What 
humiliation had Prussia suffered at the hands of Napoleon? To 
what ancestors does he refer? If Germany were to be subdued, why 
better that it had been subdued in the first place? What did he 
mean by conquering with spiritual weapons? 



THE GERMAN EMPIRE 31 

§35. THE REVOLUTION OF 1848 
GENERAL REFERENCES 

General histories ; special of Germany as in § 34 ; Dahlinger, Chas. 
W. : The German Revolution in 1849. Putnam. $1.35. A memorial 
volume on the Revolution of 1848 was published on the fiftieth anni- 
versary ; Blum : Die deutsche Revolution, 1848-49. Florenz, E. Die- 
derichs. 10 marks. 

TOPICS 

The March Days in Berlin (Fyffe, pp. 719-721) ; The Frankfort 
Parliament (Mueller, p. 225 et seq. ; Fyffe, pp. 790-796) ; The Revolu- 
tion in Baden (Mueller, pp. 212-237). 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points fob Research : What traditional reason had the King of 
Prussia to be loyal to the House of Austria? How might he have put 
Prussia at the head of Germany? What was his attitude during the 
March Days in Berlin? Why was he not chosen Administrator of 
the (new) empire at Frankfort? What did he mean by a crown 
picked up from blood and mire ? How did he want to get the crown 1 

§36. THE NEW EMPIRE 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

General histories ; Whitman : Imperial Germany. Chautauqua, 
$ 1.00. Schierbrand : Germany. Doubleday & Page. $2.40 ; Dawson : 
German Life in Town and Country. Putnam. $1.20 ; Baring 
Gould: Germany, "Nations." 

TOPICS 

Bismarck (Busch : Our Chancellor. Scribner. $2.50 ; Whitman 
Personal Reminiscences of Prince Bismarck. Appleton. $1.60 
Hoche : The Real Bismarck, tr. from French. Fenno. $2.00 
Smith, M. : Bismarck and German Unity. N. Y. $1.00; Headlam 
Bismarck, " Heroes," Letters between Bismarck and William I. 
Stokes. $4.00) ; The Schleswig-Holstein Difficulty (Mueller, pp. 309- 
325) ; War with Austria (Mueller, pp. 326-366) ; War with France, 
1870-1871 (Lodge, pp. 734-737 ; Mueller, pp. 409-460). Modern Com- 
mercial Development (see Schierbrand, Whitman, Dawson, and cf, 
Statesman's Year-Book and Stanford's Compendium). 



32 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 



SOURCE REVIEW 

What is meant by universal military servicel How does it differ 
from army system in United States I Bow is it applied in Germany I 
What are the exemptions I Effect on physique of youths in Germany / 

Ec mie effecl of loss of rime! Is i< democratic! What lias been 

result on German armyl Is it generally adopted in Europe! (All 
but England and Switzerland.) 



CHAPTER XIII— AUSTRIA SINCE 1848 

§37. THE RACE QUESTION 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

General histories of the nineteenth century ; Grant Duff: Studies 

in European Politics, chap, iii ; Whitman: The Realm of the Haps- 

burgs. Heinemann. 7s. 6d. ; ibid.: Austria, "Nations." 

TOPICS 
The Races (the only complete treatment is by Auerbach : Les 
races et les national it es en Autri&che-Hongrie. Alcan, 1898. 5 francs. 
Stanford's Compendium is valuable for ethnic distribution). Czechs 
(Maurice: Bohemia, "Nations"; Lutzow: Bohemia; a Sketch. Lon- 
don, 1896) ; Magyars (Vambery : Hungary, "Nations.") 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research: How greatly have the Czechs developed 
during last fifty years! Who were their intellectual masters fifty 
years ago? What does the Enc. Brit, say about the intellectual 
progress of the Czechs? (Art. Bohemia.) II. Two hundred and 
fifty years previous to the collapse of Poland makes what date? 
What is chief city of Hungary? How does Hungary resemble Mis- 
sissippi basin? (Note.— Study carefully group of races in Austria- 
Hungary. An excellent exercise is to reproduce race locations on 
outline map of Austria-Hungary [McKinley Pub. Co.]). 

§38. REVOLUTION OF 1848 IN AUSTRIA 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Same as § 37. 

TOPICS 
Revolution of 1848 (Lodge, p. 696: Mueller, pp. 221-230; Duff. pp. 
158-164); Austria reconquers Italy (Mueller, pp. 203-211); Uprising 
of Magyars (Lodge, pp. 695-698) ; Kossuth (Mueller, pp. 239-245). 



THE UNION OF ITALY 33 

SOUKCB REVIEW 
Points for Research : Why " of noble origin of course " ? Prob- 
ably because only such men had a chance in Hungary. There was no 
Hungarian middle class. Trading class were Germans and Jews. 
Until well into the nineteenth century the official language of Hun- 
gary was Latin, on account of variety of tongues. Relate the three 
stages of Kossuth's attempt to edit a journal of Parliament. What 
was the charge brought against him % The real offense ? 

§39. THE DUAL GOVERNMENT OF AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Same as § 37. 

TOPICS 

Disasters of Austria : I. War with Italy and loss of Lombardy 
(Mueller, pp. 278-280 ; Lodge, p. 719). II. War with Prussia (Muel- 
ler, pp. 335-337 ; Lodge, pp. 729-730, Venetia ceded to Italy) ; Com- 
promise of 1867 ; Present Government (Wilson : The Stale ; States- 
man's Year-Book ; Stanford's Compendium) ; Bosnia and Herzegovina 
(Laveleye : The Balkan Peninsula, chaps, iii and iv). Putnam. 
$4.50. 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : What do the Czechs want ? The Ruthe- 
nians f The Poles 1 What is Italia Irredenta ? What would this 
take from Austria"? (But Italy is now leagued with Austria in the 
Triple Alliance, so the Irredentists are not encouraged.) What do the 
southern Slavs want I Hopes of the Germans % Try to draw a map 
with Austria gone to pieces, and each race having achieved its 
desire. 



CHAPTER XIV— THE UNION OF ITALY 
§40. EFFORTS TO ACHIEVE UNITY UNAIDED 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

General histories ; Orsi : Modern Italy, " Nations " ; Gallenga : 
Italy, Present and Future, 2 vols. Chapman. 21s. ; Cesaresco : The 
Liberation of Italy . Scribner. $ 1.75; Still man : The Union of Italy. 
Macmillan. $1.25 ; King : History of Italian Unity, 2 vols. Scrib- 
ner. $7.50. 



LLeFG.' 



;; » TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

TOPIC8 
The Carbonari (Lodge, p. 644; Mueller, pp. 24-29, 129-131)- Ef- 
fect oi Revolution oi 1830 (Orai : chap, v) ; Mazzini (King • \£ a ini 
Dutton, 1908. $1.50); Charlea Alberl in 1848 (Mueller, pp 808 mi •' 
Lodge, pp. 698, TOO); Pius IX and the Revolution ai Rome (John- 
ston: The Roman Theocracy and the Republic Macmillan. $2.50). 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points fob Research: J. The title of Mazzini's republican so- 
ciety was "Young Italy." Like Petrarch, and all Italian patriots 
Mazziiu regards Rome as the center of Italian aspiration What is 

the general spirit of the address t Italians, be worthy of your history < 
II. \\ hy did Charles Albert wish to die on the field of battle? What 
part oi his kingdom was Piedmont? Locate Alessandria and Turin 
W hy did he abdicate ? What was his fate I 

§41. UNITY ACHIEVED THROUGH FOREIGN AID 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Same as § 40 ; King and Okey : Italy To-day. Scribner. $3 00 • 
Hutton: Italy and the Italians. Dutton. $1.50; Villari: Italian 
Life in Town and Country. Putnam. $1.20; Willard: The Land 
of the Latins. Longmans. $1.40. 

TOPICS 
Victor Emmanuel II (Dicey: Victor Emmanuel; Godkin • Life of 
I ictor Emmanuel II. Macmillan. $1.50) ; Count Cavour (Cesaresco • 
Cavour. Macmillan. 75 cents); Garibaldi (Dwight: Life of General 
Garibaldi. Barnes. $1.00); Italy and the Papacy (King and Okev 
chap, u) ; Socialism in Italy (King and Okey, chaps, iii, xiii) ; Foreign 
and Colonial Policy (King and Okey, chap. xvi). 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : I. De Amicis is Italy's best modern writers 
and Cuore is a book for boys, giving the experiences of a schoolboy 
It has been extensively translated. Why had Cavour such anxious 
hours ? Why may he be compared with Bismarck ? Why was he so 
unwilling to die ? What was his last advice to the King? II Give 
sketch of Garibaldi's career. To what country did Nice belong at the 
time of Garibaldi's death ? (He was never reconciled to that.) How 



RUSSIA AND THE EASTERN QUESTION 35 

many occupations had he engaged in ? What was his character ? 
(His red shirt ; he wore that as a cowboy in South America.) What 
was his influence upon his countrymen ? 



CHAPTER XV— RUSSIA AND THE EASTERN QUESTION 
§42. THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE FROM 1814 
GENERAL REFERENCES 
General histories ; Rambaud : History of Russia, 2 vols. Coryell. 
$2.00 ; Morfill : Russia, " Nations " ; Wallace : Russia. Holt. $2.00 
(excellent up to about 1876) ; Kovalesky : Russian Political Insti- 
tutions. Univ. of Chicago Press. $1.50 ; Palmer : Russian Life in 
Toivn and Country. Putnam. $1.20. 

TOPICS 
Russia's Race Problem (see Stanford's Compendium) ; Alexander 
I and Poland (Morfill: Poland, "Nations"; Mueller, pp. 142, 399, 
400) ; Nicholas I and the Crimean War (Rambaud, vol. ii, pp. 248- 
258 ; Kinglake : Invasion of the Crimea, 6 vols. Harper. $12.00 ; 
Alexander II and the Liberation of Serfs (Wallace, pp. 485-509 ; 
Grant Duff, pp. 71-85; Rambaud, vol. ii, pp. 260-266; Lodge, p. 
746 ; Mueller, p. 267) ; Nihilists (Mueller, pp. 569-572 ;* Tikomerov : 
Russia, Political and Social, 2 vols. Sonnenschein. 8s. ; Step- 
niak: The Russian Peasantry : Harper. $1.25; Underground Rus- 
sia, Scribner. $1.25 ; and other works) ; Finland (Norman, H. : All 
the Russias, chap. " Finland "). 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : Students are prominent in revolutionary 
movements everywhere except in Anglo-Saxon countries. Are we not 
fortunate in this respect? Note the frequent closing of Russian uni- 
versities on account of political disturbance. Reasons why Russian 
students are inclined to revolutionary ideas 1 Effect of small scholar- 
ships ? Effect of isolation from society of Russian students ? 

§43. THE EASTERN QUESTION 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Same as §42; Latham : Russian and Turk. Allen. 18s. ; Lati- 
mer : Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth Century. McClurg. 
$2.50; Lane-Poole: Turkey, "Nations," (pro-Turkish); McCarthy: 
History of Our Own Times, 2 vols. Crowell. $1.50. 



36 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

TOPICS 

Races in Turkey (Stanford's Compendium ; Statesman's Year- 
Book; ( lark: The Races of European Turkey. Dodd. |150- man 
study); Crimean War(see§42); Bulgarian Atrocities (Lodge p 749- 
; M..,11„- N . 5M-517; McCarthy, ehap. ii, ,,,, r>!ii 594) ; Congress of 
lt " r ;' ( i '' Chap ' XXV; MueU ^, pp. 550-552; McCarthy, chap, ii 
SOURCE BEVIEW 

Points for Rkskarcii : Locate on map Bosnia and Herzegovina 
W here are Antivari and Dulcigno? (Naval demonstration necessary 
to secure Dulcigno for Montenegro. Mueller. pp. 561-563.) Locate 
change of Roumanian territory on map. Map on page 360 shows dif 
ference between San Stephano and Berlin terms. The San Stephano 
treaty would have left Turkey little except Albania, Thessaly and the 
country about Constantinople. Bulgaria, including Eastern Roumelia 
and Macedonia, would have been an immense state. The preseni 
Macedonian trouble would have been averted. Montenegro and 
Senna would have been larger than at present ; and the Mussulman 
Albanians would have been cut off from Constantinople. 

§44. GREECE 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Finlay : History of Greece (to 1864), 7 vols. Macmillan. $17 50 • 

Sergeant: New Greece. Low. 3s. 6d. ; Jebb: Modern Greece' 

Macmillan. $1.75; Sergeant: Greece in the Nineteenth Centura 

Fisher Unwin. 10s. 6d. 

TOPICS 

Greeks under Turkish Rule (Finlay, vol. vi; Sergeant p 397)- 
The Greek Church (Fyffe, chap, xv) ; War of Independence (Lodge' 
pp. 650-657; Fyffe, chap, xv) ; Navarino (Fyffe, p. 586); King Otho 
(Fyffe, p. 602); King George (Sergeant, pp. 397, 398); Contemporary 
Greece (Fortnightly Review, 1890). For conditions of Greece at the 
present time, see Statesman's Year-Book and Stanford's Compen- 
dium, 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : For organization of the Eastern Branches 
of -the Christian Church see Enc. Brit., art, "Greek Church." The 
Greek patriarch dwells at Constantinople, and is at the disposition of 
the Sultan. What is a grand vizier f (" Tchaous " is a military at- 
tendant.) What was the grand vizier's object in silently surveying 



THE SMALLER STATES 37 

the body ? What is meant by hostage in this connection ? Are the 
Russians of the same Church as the Greeks ? How would the body 
drift to Odessa? 

§45. THE DANUBIAN STATES 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
General histories ; Samuelson : Roumania, Past and Present. 
Philip. 6s.; Miller: The Balkan States, "Nations"; Laveleye : 
The Balkan Peninsula. Putnam. $4.50 ; Ranke : Servia and the 
Servian Revolution. Macmillan. $ 1.00 ; Dicey : The Peasant State. 
Murray. 12s. ; Latimer : Russia and Turkey in the Nineteenth 
Century ; Beatty-Kingston : Monarches I Have Met. Harper. 50 
cents. 

TOPICS 

Moldavia and Wallachia under the Hospodars (Seignobos, pp. 
640-642): Formation of State of Roumania (Seignobos, pp. 642-644; 
Pyffe, pp. 862, 865) ; Emancipation of Peasants (Laveleye, pp. 344- 
346) ; The Constitutional Monarchy (Seignobos, pp. 644-648) ; Servia 
— Formation of Principality (Seignobos, pp. 657-659) ; War against 
Turkey, 1876 (Fyffe, p. 1025) ; Constitutional System (Laveleye, pp. 
182-189; Seignobos, p. 659); Montenegro (Seignobos, p. 663); Bul- 
garia (Seignobos, pp. 664-669) ; Laveleye, p. 249 et seq.) ; Macedonia 
is now the center of interest. Look up those states in Year-Book 
and Compendium (Macedonia under Turkish Empire). 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : Look up King Charles (Carol) of Rou- 
mania, his antecedents and family, in Year-Book. What did Queen 
Elizabeth do to endear herself to the Roumanians? (Boyarins = noble 
ladies.) Why " Trajan's " % Look up " Carmen Sylva," and see. what 
she has written. 



CHAPTER XVI— THE SMALLER STATES 

§46. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

General histories; Hume: Modern Spain, "Nations"; Ibid.: 
The Spanish People. Appleton. $1.50; Stephens: Portugal, " Na- 
tions " ; Higgin : Spanish Life in Town and Country. Putnam. 
$1.20 ; Latimer : Spain in the Nineteenth Century. McClurg. $2.50. 



38 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 



TOPICS 

Revolution of 1820 (Seeley : Life and Times of Stein, pp. 71-102; 
Mueller, pp. 48-50); Revolt of American Colonies (Mueller, pp. 54 
55); Death of Ferdinand (Lodge, p. 679) ; Seignobos, p. 295) ; Revo- 
lution of 1808 (Mueller, p. 400; Lodge, p. 733); Republic (Seignobos, 
p, 313); Restoration (Seignobos, p. 315). Look up present conditions 
in Year-Book and Stanford's Compendium. Note loss of colonies in 
recent war with America (map review). 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research: I. How and when did Spain get her 
colonial empire? Locate Carolines and Ladrones. Locate African 
possessions. Give reasons for Spain's lack of success in holding col- 
onies. Were her locations of a kind likely to develop? What is 
meant by " restrictive commercial system " ? (Forbidding trade with 
all but mother country (?).) Look up colonies of Portugal in Year- 
Book. II. What is the difference between an absolute and a demo- 
cratic monarchy? Slavery was abolished in the colonies July 30, 
1886. 

§47. SWITZERLAND 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
General histories; Hug and Stead: Switzerland, "Nations"; 
McCrackan : The Rise of the Swiss Republic. Holt. $2.00 ; Vin- 
cent : Government of Switzerland. Maemillan. $1.25 ; Story : Swiss 
Life in Town and Country. Putnam. $1.20. 

TOPICS 
Restoration of 1814 in Switzerland (Seignobos, pp. 259-262) ; Son- 
derbund War (Seignobos, p. 267; Mueller, p. 172); Constitution of 
1848 (Seignobos, p. 269); Referendum and Initiative (see General 
References above ; Seignobos, pp. 272, 274 ; Lowell : Parties and 
Governments in Continental Europe, vol. ii); Present Government 
(Lowell ; Wilson : The State). For commerce, industries, etc., see 
Year- Book and Compendium. 

PICTURE 
The " Lion of Luzerne " is hewn out of the rock by the celebrated 
Danish sculptor, Thorwaldsen. Its purpose is to commemorate the 
fidelity and valor of the Swiss guard who defended King Louis XVI 
at the time of the invasion of the Tuileries, August 10, 1792. 



THE SMALLER STATES 39 

SOUKCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : What is peculiar about the Swiss Union ? 
Has it a racial basis ? A basis of language % Of religion % Then it 
is artificial — i. e., intellectual. Note the arrangement of cantons, by 
language, race, religion. (Note " Romansch." A Romance tongue, 
like French and Italian, descended from the Latin, spoken in Switzer- 
land and South Bavaria.) What holds these people together ? In her 
school system and factory laws Switzerland is the most advanced 
country in the world. 

§48. THE SCANDINAVIAN STATES 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

General histories ; Boyesen : Norway, " Nations " to 1886 ; Otte : 
Denmark and Iceland. Macmillan. $1.25 ; Bain : Scandinavia, 
1600-1900. Camb. Hist. Series. Macmillan. $1.25; Curtis: Den- 
mark, Siveden, and Norway. Saalfield Pub. Co. ; Danish Life in 
Totvn and Country. Putnam. $1.20. 

TOPICS 
Transformation of the Swedish Constitution (Seignobos, pp. 556- 
559) ; Democratic Party in Norway (Seignobos, p. 559 et seq.) ; Den- 
mark ; struggle for parliamentary government (Seignobos, p. 574). 
Look up present conditions in Year-Book and Compendium ; note 
particularly the large merchant marine of Norway and her trade 
with Great Britain. For government consult Wilson : The State. 
Look up Ibsen and Bjornson. 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : The interesting point in Scandinavian 
politics to-day is the restlessness of Norway in the Dual Government. 
Norway has been so hostile to her partner, Sweden, that it is said she 
negotiated a recent treaty with Russia, promising Russia a naval sta- 
tion on the North Sea in return for aid, in case of need, against Swe- 
den. Look up Nansen, Thaulow, Grieg. System of liquor traffic in 
Norway well repays examination (see Gothenburg system). 

§49. BELGIUM AND HOLLAND 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
General histories ; White : The Belgic Revolution. Whittaker. 
24s. ; Blok : History of the People of the Netherlands (trans, by Ruth 



40 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

Putnam). Pari I. $2.50; Rogers; Holland, "Nations"; Grattan: 
History of the Netherlands. Longmans. :Js. (id.; Griffis: Brave 
Little Holland. Eoughton. 75 cents ; Hough: Dutch Life in Town 
ami Country. Putnam. $1.20. 

TOPICS 

Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815 (Fyffe, p. 413; Seignobos, 
p. 839); Revolution of 1830 (Mueller, pp. L13-131; Seignobos, p. 
333); Influence of French Politics upon Belgium (Mueller, pp. 604 
606); Relations of Belgium to France and Germany (Fortnightly Re- 
view, J anuary, 1887); Constitution (Seignobos, p. 334 ; Vincent: Con- 
stitution of Belgium. Am. Acad. 50 cents); Constitution of 1848 in 
Netherlands (Seignobos, p. 238). Look up in Year-Book and Stan- 
ford's Compendium the present conditions of the two countries ; the 
reigning houses (Luxemburg); and particularly the colonial empire 
of the Netherlands. 

source review 

Points for Research: The Peace Conference at The Hague is 

one of the important events of the nineteenth century ; and its results 
may be very great. The United States and Mexico were the lirst 
countries to make use of the judicial machinery of The Hague in set- 
tling a dispute relative to certain missionary funds held in trust by 
Mexico. It is remarkable that the proposition for arbitration came 
from Russia. Yet the tsars have been advanced thinkers. Cf. Alex- 
ander I. The Tsar also wished to bring about a general disarmament. 
This is a more difficult task, to upset the military system that Prussia 
gave to Europe. What would be the advantage of general disarma- 
ment i 



CHAPTER XVII— ENGLAND 

§50. POLITICAL REFORMS IN ENGLAND 
GENERAL REFERENCES 
General histories: McCarthy: A Histonj of Our Oim Times; 
[bid.: The Epoch of Reform, 1830-1850, "Epochs"; Gardiner: A 
Student's History of England. 

TOPICS 
Need for Parliamentary Reform (McCarthy : Epoch of Reform, 
pp. 25, 26 ; Seignobos, pp. 15-17) ; The Reform Bill of 1832 (Fort- 



ENGLAND 41 

nightly Review, December, 1892 ; Seignobos, pp. 34-37 ; Fyffe, pp. 
644, 645) ; Second Reform Bill (Seignobos, p. 64 ; McCarthy : Our 
Own Times, vol. ii, pp. 340-370) ; Third Reform Bill — England a 
Democracy (Seignobos, pp. 82, 83). Look up Disraeli and Gladstone. 
For present electoral conditions see Year-Book. 

SOUBCE REVIEW 

Points for Research : Was the abolition conducted as in the 
United States"? How were the interests of slave-owners safeguarded? 
Describe conditions of gradual emancipation. Where are Antigua 
and the Bermudas ? 

§51. THE CORN LAWS AND OTHER PROBLEMS. 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
Same as § 50. 

TOPICS 

Free Trade Agitation (Seignobos, p. 57 ; Morley : Life of Cob- 
den) ; Catholic Emancipation (McCarthy, chap, xii ; Dunlop : Daniel 
O'Connell, "Heroes"); The Irish Question (Lawless: Ireland, "Na- 
tions"); The Land Question (McCarthy, vol. ii, pp. 471-479); Dis- 
establishment (McCarthy, vol. ii, pp. 450-454) ; Formation of an Irish 
Home Rule Party (Seignobos, pp. 76-79) ; Failure of Gladstone's Irish 
Policy in 1886 (Seignobos, pp. 84-86). (The Conservatives have in- 
troduced a bill, April, 1903, to settle the question of land purchase, 
by appropriating funds for purchase from the treasury of Great 
Britain. The effort now is to facilitate the disappearance of the land- 
lord class.) 

SOURCE REVIEW 

Points for Research: Why were Irish conditions precarious? 
Who was Father Mathew? How were the Irish largely employed in 
the United States at this time? (Canals and railroads.) What has 
been the result of the migration on the Irish ? 

§52. ENGLAND'S POSSESSIONS 

GENERAL REFERENCES 

Dilke : Problems of Greater Britain. Macmillan. $4.00 ; See- 
ley : Expansion of England. Little. $1.75 ; Lome : Imperial Fed- 
eration. Sonnenschein. Paper. 9d. 



4:2 TEACHING MODERN HISTORY 

TOPICS 

Canada (Goldwin Smith: Canada. Macmillan. $2.00; Bourinot: 
Canada, "Nations"); Australasia (Tregarthen: Australasia, "Na- 
tions"; Statesman's Year-Book and Stanford's Compendium) ; Cap,: 
Colony (Payne: European Colonies, pp. L85-195); 'Hie Boer War 
(Bryce: Impressions of South Africa. Century. $3.00; Hillegras: 
Oom PauVs People. Appleton. $1.50; Bigelow: White Man's Af- 
rica. Barper. $2.50); India (Meredith Townsend: Europe and 
Asia. I 'ut nam. $2.50). 

SOURCE REVIEW 
Points for Research : I. Why has the Englishman little in com- 
mon with the Oriental? Is India well governed ¥ How is this shown I 
Does England's good government attract the sympathy of the Ori- 
entals! Perhaps good government in the English sense is too mo- 
notonous for them. What type of men are found in English and 
Dutch Oriental colonies? What are the shortcomings of the Orien- 
tals? What bearing has this on the Philippine problem ? 



CHAPTER XVIII— AFRICA 

§53. EGYPT 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
General histories ; McCoan : Egypt. Dodd. $1.50; Traill : Eng- 
land, Egypt, and the Soudan. Dutton. $5.00; Sanderson: Africa 
in the Nineteenth Century. Scribner. $1.75; Milner: England in 
Egypt. Macmillan. $5.00 ; Rae : Egypt of To-day. Bentley. 16s. 

TOPICS 

Mehemet Ali (Pyffe, pp. 659-671) ; Ismail Pasha (Sanderson : chap, 
ii; Traill: chap, ii) ; The Suez Canal (Traill, pp. 10-15); Arabi Pasha 
and the Nationalist Revolt (Sanderson : chap, vi) ; Reconquest of the 
Soudan (Burleigh : Sirdar and Kalif a. Chapman. 12s.); Egypt at 
the Present Day (White: The Expansion of Egypt. New Amster. 
Book Co. $6.00; Fuller: Egypt and the Hinterland. Longmans. 
$3.50). 

§54. THE CONGO FREE STATE 

GENERAL REFERENCES 
General histories; Stanley: The Congo and the Founding of the 
Free State. Harper. 2 vols. $7.50 ; De Leon : The Conference at 



THE PAR BAST 43 

Berlin on the West African Question. Political Science Quarterly, 
vol. i, pp. 103-139. 

§55. EUROPE AND AFRICA 

Lucas: Historical Geography of the British Colonies, 5 vols. 
Oxford. 40s. ; Keltie : The Partition of Africa. Appleton. 16s. ; 
Latimer : Europe in Africa. McClurg. $2.50 ; Theal : South Africa, 
"Nations" ; Stanley and others: Africa, Its Partition and Its Future. 
Dodd. $1.25. 

TOPICS 

English Possessions (Knight : Rhodesia To-day. Longmans. 
$1.00 ; Keltie : chaps, xi, xvi, xx) ; French Africa (Keltie : chaps, x, 
xvi, xxi ; Stanley and others : p. 105 seq.) ; German Africa (Keltie : 
chaps, xii, xiii, xv, xvii ; Stanley and others : p. ^3) ; Italian Posses- 
sions (Keltie : chap, xix) ; Portuguese Africa (Keltie : chaps, iv, v, xx ; 
Stephens : Portugal) ; Economic Value of Africa (Keltie : chap. xx). 



CHAPTER XIX— THE FAR EAST 
§56. CHINA AND JAPAN 

TOPICS 

China (Krausse : The Far Fast. Dutton. 1900. $6.00 (maps) ; 
Ibid.: China in Decay . Scribner. $1.75). 

Japan (Grulick : Evolution of the Japanese. Revell. 1903. $2.50). 

§57. RUSSIA AND ASIA 

TOPICS 

Central Asia (Norman : All the Russias. Scribner. 1902. $4.00 ; 
Colquhoun: Russia against India. Harper. 1900. $1.50); Siberia 
(Krausse : Russia in Asia. Holt. 1900. $4.00 ; Gerrare : Greater 
Russia. Macmillan. 1903. $3.00 ; Leroy-Beaulieu : Awakening of 
the Fast. McClure. 1900. $1.50) ; Siberian Railway (Norman : 
Peoples and Politics in the Far East. Scribner. $4.00 ; Shoemaker : 
The Great Siberian Railway. Putnam. 1903. $2.50). 



(1) 



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